You most likely need to seal granite countertops at least once per year. If your granite countertops get a lot of use, then you'll need to seal them more frequently. For example, if you use your kitchen daily to prepare food, then you may have to reseal every six months or even seasonally. However, long-lasting sealers that claim to last for between three and five years are available.
Yes, granite counters can be permanently sealed with the right product. Permanent sealers are essentially resin-bonding products. They penetrate deep into the granite, filling the little gaps that make the stone porous, essentially bonding to the stone and creating a non-porous surface. It takes several coats to create a permanent seal, but once done, you'll never need to apply sealant to your counters again.
If you've given your marble a polish, you can expect it to last for around three years until it needs another one. In low-traffic areas, marble polishing lasts for five years or more, but less than three years in high-traffic areas. After polishing, over time and with use, the marble will start to dull and lose its luxurious shine.